EC Number
Reaction
Pathways
Reaction IDs
Stoichiometry Check
Missing Substrate
Missing Product
Commentary
Remark
bisanhydrobacterioruberin hydratase
bacterioruberin = monoanhydrobacterioruberin + H2O
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natural substrates
bacterioruberin = monoanhydrobacterioruberin + H2O
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natural substrates
monoanhydrobacterioruberin = bisanhydrobacterioruberin + H2O
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natural substrates
bisanhydrobacterioruberin hydratase
monoanhydrobacterioruberin = bisanhydrobacterioruberin + H2O
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natural substrates
1-hydroxy-2-isopentenylcarotenoid 3,4-desaturase
dihydrobisanhydrobacterioruberin + acceptor = bisanhydrobacterioruberin + reduced acceptor
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natural substrates, generic
lycopene elongase/hydratase (dihydrobisanhydrobacterioruberin-forming)
dimethylallyl diphosphate + isopentenyldehydrorhodopin + H2O = dihydrobisanhydrobacterioruberin + diphosphate
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: CPD-18006 = CPD-18007
natural substrates
1-hydroxy-2-isopentenylcarotenoid 3,4-desaturase
dihydroisopentenyldehydrorhodopin + acceptor = isopentenyldehydrorhodopin + reduced acceptor
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natural substrates, generic
lycopene elongase/hydratase (dihydrobisanhydrobacterioruberin-forming)
dimethylallyl diphosphate + all-trans-lycopene + H2O = dihydroisopentenyldehydrorhodopin + diphosphate
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: CPD-18006 = CPD-18007
natural substrates
prephytoene diphosphate = 15-cis-phytoene + diphosphate
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: a part of multi-step reaction (see R10177, R02065+R04218); see R07916
natural substrates
prephytoene diphosphate = 15-cis-phytoene + diphosphate
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: a part of multi-step reaction (see R10177, R02065+R04218); see R07916
natural substrates
15-cis-phytoene desaturase
15-cis-phytoene + plastoquinone = 15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinol
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: This enzyme is involved in carotenoid biosynthesis in plants and cyanobacteria. The enzyme from Synechococcus can also use NAD+ and NADP+ as electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions. The enzyme from Gentiana lutea shows no activity with NAD+ or NADP+
[11714315]. This is one of two reactions catalyzed successively by the enzyme. The overall reaction is
RXN-11355
natural substrates
15-cis-phytoene + plastoquinone = 15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinol
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: This enzyme is involved in carotenoid biosynthesis in plants and cyanobacteria. The enzyme from Synechococcus can also use NAD+ and NADP+ as electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions. The enzyme from Gentiana lutea shows no activity with NAD+ or NADP+
[11714315]. This is one of two reactions catalyzed successively by the enzyme. The overall reaction is
RXN-11355
natural substrates
15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinone = 9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + plastoquinol
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: This enzyme is involved in carotenoid biosynthesis in plants and cyanobacteria. The enzyme from Synechococcus can also use NAD+ and NADP+ as electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions. The enzyme from Gentiana lutea shows no activity with NAD+ or NADP+
[11714315]. This is one of two reactions catalyzed successively by the enzyme. The overall reaction is
RXN-11355
natural substrates
15-cis-phytoene desaturase
15,9'-dicis-phytofluene + plastoquinone = 9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene + plastoquinol
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: This enzyme is involved in carotenoid biosynthesis in plants and cyanobacteria. The enzyme from Synechococcus can also use NAD+ and NADP+ as electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions. The enzyme from Gentiana lutea shows no activity with NAD+ or NADP+
[11714315]. This is one of two reactions catalyzed successively by the enzyme. The overall reaction is
RXN-11355
natural substrates
9,15,9'-tricis-zeta-carotene = 9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene
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: This reaction can occur spontaneously in the light. In the dark it has to be catalyzed enzymatically.
natural substrates
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene desaturase
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene + a quinone = 7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinol
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: 9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene desaturase the first step of two-step reaction (see R07511, R09656+R09658) subsequently R09658
natural substrates
9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene desaturase
7,9,9'-tricis-neurosporene + a quinone = 7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene + a quinol
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: 9,9'-dicis-zeta-carotene desaturase the second step of two-step reaction (see R07511, R09656+R09658) following after R09656
natural substrates
7,9,7',9'-tetracis-lycopene = all-trans-lycopene
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: carotenoid isomerase(crtH,crtISO)
natural substrates
lycopene = delta-carotene
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: lycopene epsilon cyclase

: The enzyme catalyzes the following two reactions:
RXN1F-147 |FRAME:RXN-8028| In most organisms only δ-carotene is formed.
natural substrates
delta-carotene = alpha-carotene
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: lycopene beta cyclase
natural substrates
carotenoid epsilon hydroxylase
zeinoxanthin + [reduced NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = lutein + [oxidized NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] + H2O
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natural substrates, generic, protein
lycopene = gamma-carotene
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: lycopene cyclase (see R03824)

: This enzyme catalyzes two reactions:
RXN1F-150 RXN1F-151 Requires NAD(P)H. Also acts on neurosporene to give β-zeacarotene. The hydrogen introduced at C-2 is from water not NAD(P)H.
natural substrates
gamma-carotene = beta-carotene
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: lycopene cyclase (see R05341)

: This enzyme catalyzes two reactions:
RXN1F-150 RXN1F-151 Requires NAD(P)H. Also acts on neurosporene to give β-zeacarotene. The hydrogen introduced at C-2 is from water not NAD(P)H.
natural substrates
beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
beta-carotene + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H+ + O2 = beta-cryptoxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
generic compounds
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: the first step of two-step reaction (see R09747, R07558+R07559)

: Requires ferredoxin and Fe(II). Also acts on other carotenoids with a β-end group. In some species canthaxanthin is the preferred substrate. The enzyme catalyzes two successive reactions. The overall reaction is
RXN1F-152
natural substrates, generic, protein
beta-carotene + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H+ + O2 = beta-cryptoxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
generic compounds
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: the first step of two-step reaction (see R09747, R07558+R07559)

: Requires ferredoxin and Fe(II). Also acts on other carotenoids with a β-end group. In some species canthaxanthin is the preferred substrate. The enzyme catalyzes two successive reactions. The overall reaction is
RXN1F-152
natural substrates, generic, protein
beta-carotene + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H+ + O2 = beta-cryptoxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
generic compounds
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: the first step of two-step reaction (see R09747, R07558+R07559)

: Requires ferredoxin and Fe(II). Also acts on other carotenoids with a β-end group. In some species canthaxanthin is the preferred substrate. The enzyme catalyzes two successive reactions. The overall reaction is
RXN1F-152
natural substrates, generic, protein
beta-carotene + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H+ + O2 = beta-cryptoxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
generic compounds
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: the first step of two-step reaction (see R09747, R07558+R07559)

: Requires ferredoxin and Fe(II). Also acts on other carotenoids with a β-end group. In some species canthaxanthin is the preferred substrate. The enzyme catalyzes two successive reactions. The overall reaction is
RXN1F-152
natural substrates, generic, protein
beta-cryptoxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H+ + O2 = zeaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
generic compounds
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: the second step of two-step reaction (see R09747, R07558+R07559)

: Requires ferredoxin and Fe(II). Also acts on other carotenoids with a β-end group. In some species canthaxanthin is the preferred substrate. The enzyme catalyzes two successive reactions. The overall reaction is
RXN1F-152
natural substrates, generic, protein
beta-cryptoxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H+ + O2 = zeaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
generic compounds
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: the second step of two-step reaction (see R09747, R07558+R07559)

: Requires ferredoxin and Fe(II). Also acts on other carotenoids with a β-end group. In some species canthaxanthin is the preferred substrate. The enzyme catalyzes two successive reactions. The overall reaction is
RXN1F-152
natural substrates, generic, protein
beta-cryptoxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H+ + O2 = zeaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
generic compounds
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: the second step of two-step reaction (see R09747, R07558+R07559)

: Requires ferredoxin and Fe(II). Also acts on other carotenoids with a β-end group. In some species canthaxanthin is the preferred substrate. The enzyme catalyzes two successive reactions. The overall reaction is
RXN1F-152
natural substrates, generic, protein
beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
beta-cryptoxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H+ + O2 = zeaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
generic compounds
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: the second step of two-step reaction (see R09747, R07558+R07559)

: Requires ferredoxin and Fe(II). Also acts on other carotenoids with a β-end group. In some species canthaxanthin is the preferred substrate. The enzyme catalyzes two successive reactions. The overall reaction is
RXN1F-152
natural substrates, generic, protein
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2 = antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
generic compounds
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: zeaxanthin epoxidase first step of two-step reaction (see R10070, R06946+R06947)
natural substrates, generic, protein
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2 = antheraxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
generic compounds
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: zeaxanthin epoxidase first step of two-step reaction (see R10070, R06946+R06947)
natural substrates, generic, protein
violaxanthin de-epoxidase
antheraxanthin + L-ascorbate = zeaxanthin + L-dehydroascorbate + H2O
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: second step of two-step reaction (see R10055, R07178+R07179)

: Along with
EC 1.14.13.90, zeaxanthin epoxidase, this enzyme forms part of the xanthophyll (or violaxanthin) cycle for controlling the concentration of
CPD1F-130 in chloroplasts. It is activated by a low pH of the thylakoid lumen (produced by high light intensity). Zeaxanthin induces the dissipation of excitation energy in the chlorophyll of the light-harvesting protein complex of photosystem II. In higher plants the enzyme reacts with
all-trans-diepoxides, such as
CPD1F-133, and
all-trans-monoepoxides, but in the alga
TAX-13608 only the diepoxides are good substrates.
natural substrates
antheraxanthin + L-ascorbate = zeaxanthin + L-dehydroascorbate + H2O
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: second step of two-step reaction (see R10055, R07178+R07179)

: Along with
EC 1.14.13.90, zeaxanthin epoxidase, this enzyme forms part of the xanthophyll (or violaxanthin) cycle for controlling the concentration of
CPD1F-130 in chloroplasts. It is activated by a low pH of the thylakoid lumen (produced by high light intensity). Zeaxanthin induces the dissipation of excitation energy in the chlorophyll of the light-harvesting protein complex of photosystem II. In higher plants the enzyme reacts with
all-trans-diepoxides, such as
CPD1F-133, and
all-trans-monoepoxides, but in the alga
TAX-13608 only the diepoxides are good substrates.
natural substrates
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2 = violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
generic compounds
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: zeaxanthin epoxidase second step of two-step reaction (see R10070, R06946+R06947)
natural substrates, generic, protein
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+ + O2 = violaxanthin + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + H2O
generic compounds
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: zeaxanthin epoxidase second step of two-step reaction (see R10070, R06946+R06947)
natural substrates, generic, protein
violaxanthin + L-ascorbate = antheraxanthin + L-dehydroascorbate + H2O
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: first step of two-step reaction (see R10055, R07178+R07179)

: Along with
EC 1.14.13.90, zeaxanthin epoxidase, this enzyme forms part of the xanthophyll (or violaxanthin) cycle for controlling the concentration of
CPD1F-130 in chloroplasts. It is activated by a low pH of the thylakoid lumen (produced by high light intensity). Zeaxanthin induces the dissipation of excitation energy in the chlorophyll of the light-harvesting protein complex of photosystem II. In higher plants the enzyme reacts with
all-trans-diepoxides, such as
CPD1F-133, and
all-trans-monoepoxides, but in the alga
TAX-13608 only the diepoxides are good substrates.
natural substrates
violaxanthin de-epoxidase
violaxanthin + L-ascorbate = antheraxanthin + L-dehydroascorbate + H2O
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: first step of two-step reaction (see R10055, R07178+R07179)

: Along with
EC 1.14.13.90, zeaxanthin epoxidase, this enzyme forms part of the xanthophyll (or violaxanthin) cycle for controlling the concentration of
CPD1F-130 in chloroplasts. It is activated by a low pH of the thylakoid lumen (produced by high light intensity). Zeaxanthin induces the dissipation of excitation energy in the chlorophyll of the light-harvesting protein complex of photosystem II. In higher plants the enzyme reacts with
all-trans-diepoxides, such as
CPD1F-133, and
all-trans-monoepoxides, but in the alga
TAX-13608 only the diepoxides are good substrates.
natural substrates